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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cointet-element</span></span>
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<p>The <b>Cointet-element</b>, also known as a <b>Belgian Gate</b> or <b>C-element</b>, was a heavy steel fence about three metres (9 ft 10 in) wide and two metres (6 ft 7 in) high, typically mounted on concrete rollers, used as a mobile <a href="Anti-tank_obstacle" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank obstacle">anti-tank obstacle</a> during <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each individual fence element weighed about 1,280 kg (2,820 lb) and was movable (e.g. with two horses) through the use of two fixed and one rotating roller. Its invention is attributed to a French colonel (later general), Léon-Edmond de Cointet de Fillain who came up with the idea in 1933 to be used in the <a href="Maginot_Line" title="Maginot Line">Maginot Line</a>. Besides their use as barricades to the entrances of forts, bridges and roads, the heavy fences were used in the Belgian "Iron Wall" of the <a href="Koningshooikt%E2%80%93Wavre_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Koningshooikt–Wavre Line">Koningshooikt–Wavre Line</a> (also known as "Dyle Line") and were re-used as beach obstacles on the <i><a href="Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a></i> defending Normandy from Allied invasion.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>
<p>The Cointet-element formed the main barricade of the Belgian <a href="K-W_Line" title="K-W Line">K-W Line</a>, a tank barricade that was built between September 1939 and May 1940. Following tests, the <a href="Belgian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Army">Belgian Army</a> accepted the Cointet-elements in 1936 after slightly altering the design by the addition of eight vertical beams in the front frame to stop <a href="Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> moving through them. On 13 February 1939 and 24 July 1939 the first tenders were called for ten groups of five hundred Cointets each. A total of 77,000 pieces were ordered by the Belgian Ministry of Defence and produced by twenty-eight Belgian companies with 73,600 delivered.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Thousands of Cointets were installed on the K-W Line between the village of <a href="Koningshooikt" title="Koningshooikt">Koningshooikt</a> and the city of <a href="Wavre" title="Wavre">Wavre</a> to act as the main line of defence against a possible German armoured invasion through the heartland of Belgium, forming a long iron wall. The Cointet-elements were placed next to each other in a zig-zag and connected with steel cables. Near main roads they were fixed to heavy concrete pillars set into the ground to allow local traffic passage. By May 1940 due to a relocation programme, the elements did not form a continuous line and thus were easily bypassed by the <a href="3rd_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="3rd Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">3rd Panzer Division</a> and <a href="4th_Panzer_Division" title="4th Panzer Division">4th Panzer Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Cointet elements were also used as an anti-tank line in a side branch of the K-W Line, which was meant to defend the southern approaches to <a href="Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>. This line branched off the main line in Wavre and ran from there to <a href="Halle%2C_Belgium" title="Halle, Belgium">Halle</a> and on to <a href="Ninove" title="Ninove">Ninove</a>, where it ended on the banks of the <a href="Dender" title="Dender">Dender</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>After the German victory in Belgium on 28 May 1940, the Belgian Gates were reallocated across Europe to serve as barricade elements on roads, bridges and beaches. The Germans gave it the name <i>C-element</i>. Large numbers of gates were brought to Normandy during the construction of the <i><a href="Atlantikwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantikwall">Atlantikwall</a></i> to be used with the other varieties of beach obstacles. Instead of connecting them, the Germans used them singly next to other items, especially at the low tide line. They were also put on the dikes next to bunkers. Notes from 1944 cite the placement of 23,408 Cointets over 4,340 km (2,700 mi) of coast. With many more still present in Belgium after D-Day, the Allies had great difficulty passing them in the last months of the war.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Cheval_de_frise" title="Cheval de frise">Cheval de frise</a></li>
<li><a href="Czech_hedgehog" title="Czech hedgehog">Czech hedgehog</a></li>
<li><a href="Dragon's_teeth_(fortification)" title="Dragon's teeth (fortification)">Dragon's teeth</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/11882/Cointet-Elements-Antwerp.htm">"Cointet–Elements Antwerp"</a>. <i>www.tracesofwar.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-03</span></span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippart2008" class="citation journal cs1">Philippart, Frank (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140518213603/http://users.telenet.be/WMF-home/WMF_2008_3.PDF">"The Cointet element"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Workgroup Modern Fortifications News</i> (3): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.telenet.be/WMF-home/WMF_2008_3.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuyteleers, Wim, <i>Het Belgische Cointet-element</i>, 2014, 198 p., <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781090171092</bdi></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niehorster.org/021_belgium/forts/_forts-part_02.htm">"Deep Defences, Belgian Fortifications, May 1940"</a>. <i>www.niehorster.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-08</span></span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuyteleers, Wim, <i>De IJzeren muur bezuiden Brussel. Ninove-Halle-Waver</i>, 2020, 176 p.</span>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cointet-elements" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Cointet-elements">Cointet-elements</a></span>.</div></div>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strijdbewijs.nl/hinder/obstacles.htm">Obstacles on the Normandy battlefields</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kwlinie.be/">kwlinie.be – A Belgian inventarisation project of the KW line set up in 2009</a></li></ul>
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</style><div id="Fortifications332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortifications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Abatis" title="Abatis">Abatis</a></li>
<li><a href="Acropolis" title="Acropolis">Acropolis</a></li>
<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Agger_(ancient_Rome)" title="Agger (ancient Rome)">Agger</a></i></span></li>
<li><span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco"><a href="Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></i></span></li>
<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Burgus" title="Burgus">Burgus</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Caltrop" title="Caltrop">Caltrop</a></li>
<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Castellum" title="Castellum">Castellum</a></i></span></li>
<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Castra" title="Castra">Castra</a></i></span></li>
<li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="Castro_culture" title="Castro culture">Castros</a></i></span></li>
<li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="Chinese_city_wall" title="Chinese city wall">Chengqiang</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Circular_rampart" title="Circular rampart">Circular rampart</a></li>
<li><a href="City_gate" title="City gate">City gate</a></li>
<li><a href="Crannog" title="Crannog">Crannog</a></li>
<li><a href="Ditch_(fortification)" title="Ditch (fortification)">Ditch</a></li>
<li><a href="Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">Defensive wall</a></li>
<li><a href="Dun_(fortification)" title="Dun (fortification)">Dun</a></li>
<li><a href="Elevated_entrance" title="Elevated entrance">Elevated entrance</a></li>
<li><a href="Faussebraye" title="Faussebraye">Faussebraye</a></li>
<li><a href="Gatehouse" title="Gatehouse">Gatehouse</a></li>
<li><a href="Gord_(archaeology)" title="Gord (archaeology)">Gord</a></li>
<li><a href="Hillfort" title="Hillfort">Hillfort</a></li>
<li><a href="Landwehr_(border)" title="Landwehr (border)">Landwehr</a></li>
<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Limes</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Nuraghe" title="Nuraghe">Nuraghe</a></li>
<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Oppidum" title="Oppidum">Oppidum</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Palisade" title="Palisade">Palisade</a></li>
<li><a href="Pincer_gate" title="Pincer gate">Pincer gate</a></li>
<li><a href="Promontory_fort" title="Promontory fort">Promontory fort</a></li>
<li><a href="Rampart_(fortification)" title="Rampart (fortification)">Rampart</a></li>
<li><a href="Ringfort" title="Ringfort">Ringfort</a> (Rath)</li>
<li><a href="Refuge_castle" title="Refuge castle">Refuge castle</a></li>
<li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Schwedenschanze" title="Schwedenschanze">Schwedenschanze</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Stockade" title="Stockade">Stockade</a></li>
<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Sudis_(stake)" title="Sudis (stake)">Sudis</a></i></span></li>
<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Trou_de_loup" title="Trou de loup">Trou de loup</a></i></span></li>
<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Vallum" title="Vallum">Vallum</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Wagon_fort" title="Wagon fort">Wagon fort</a> (<span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af">Laager</i></span>)</li>
<li><a href="Vitrified_fort" title="Vitrified fort">Vitrified fort</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Advanced_work" title="Advanced work">Advanced work</a></li>
<li><a href="Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li>
<li><a href="Alcazaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcazaba">Alcazaba</a></li>
<li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Amba_(landform)" title="Amba (landform)">Amba</a></li>
<li><a href="Arrowslit" title="Arrowslit">Arrowslit</a></li>
<li><a href="Barmkin" title="Barmkin">Barmkin</a></li>
<li><a href="Barbican" title="Barbican">Barbican</a></li>
<li><a href="Bartizan" title="Bartizan">Bartizan</a></li>
<li><a href="Bastion" title="Bastion">Bastion</a></li>
<li><a href="Battery_tower" title="Battery tower">Battery tower</a></li>
<li><a href="Battlement" title="Battlement">Battlement</a></li>
<li><a href="Bawn" title="Bawn">Bawn</a></li>
<li><a href="Bent_entrance" title="Bent entrance">Bent entrance</a></li>
<li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Bergfried" title="Bergfried">Bergfried</a></i></span></li>
<li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Berm" title="Berm">Berm</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Boom_(navigational_barrier)" title="Boom (navigational barrier)">Boom</a></li>
<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Bret%C3%A8che" title="Bretèche">Bretèche</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Bridge_castle" title="Bridge castle">Bridge castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Bridge_tower" title="Bridge tower">Bridge tower</a></li>
<li><a href="Burh" title="Burh">Burh</a></li>
<li><a href="Butter-churn_tower" title="Butter-churn tower">Butter-churn tower</a></li>
<li><a href="Caer" title="Caer">Caer</a></li>
<li><a href="Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Chamber_gate" title="Chamber gate">Chamber gate</a></li>
<li><a href="Chartaque" title="Chartaque">Chartaque</a></li>
<li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="Chashi" title="Chashi">Chashi</a></i></span></li>
<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Chemin_de_ronde" title="Chemin de ronde">Chemin de ronde</a></i></span></li>
<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Chemise_(wall)" title="Chemise (wall)">Chemise</a></i></span></li>
<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Cheval_de_frise" title="Cheval de frise">Cheval de frise</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Citadel" title="Citadel">Citadel</a></li>
<li><a href="Coercion_castle" title="Coercion castle">Coercion castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">Concentric castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Corner_tower" title="Corner tower">Corner tower</a></li>
<li><a href="Counter-castle" title="Counter-castle">Counter-castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">Curtain</a></li>
<li><a href="Drawbridge" title="Drawbridge">Drawbridge</a></li>
<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Enceinte" title="Enceinte">Enceinte</a></i></span></li>
<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Embrasure" title="Embrasure">Embrasure</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Flanking_tower" title="Flanking tower">Flanking tower</a></li>
<li>Fortified buildings (<a href="Fortified_church" title="Fortified church">church</a>, <a href="Fortified_house" title="Fortified house">house</a>, <a href="Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Fujian_tulou" title="Fujian tulou">Fujian tulou</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Ganerbenburg" title="Ganerbenburg">Ganerbenburg</a></i></li>
<li><a href="Gate_tower" title="Gate tower">Gate tower</a></li>
<li><a href="Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li>
<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Glacis" title="Glacis">Glacis</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Guard_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Guard tower">Guard tower</a></li>
<li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="Gulyay-gorod" title="Gulyay-gorod">Gulyay-gorod</a></i></span></li>
<li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="Gusuku" title="Gusuku">Gusuku</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Half_tower" title="Half tower">Half tower</a></li>
<li><a href="Hoarding_(castle)" title="Hoarding (castle)">Hoarding</a></li>
<li><a href="Inner_bailey" title="Inner bailey">Inner bailey</a></li>
<li><a href="Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li>
<li><a href="Keep" title="Keep">Keep</a></li>
<li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="Kremlin_(fortification)" title="Kremlin (fortification)">Kremlin</a></i></span> (<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="Detinets" title="Detinets">Detinets</a></i></span>)</li>
<li><a href="Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li>
<li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Landesburg" title="Landesburg">Landesburg</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Loophole" title="Loophole">Loophole</a></li>
<li><a href="L-plan_castle" title="L-plan castle">L-plan castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Machicolation" title="Machicolation">Machicolation</a></li>
<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Merlon" title="Merlon">Merlon</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Moat" title="Moat">Moat</a></li>
<li><a href="Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte-and-bailey</a></li>
<li><a href="Murder_hole" title="Murder hole">Murder hole</a></li>
<li><a href="Neck_ditch" title="Neck ditch">Neck ditch</a></li>
<li><a href="Outer_bailey" title="Outer bailey">Outer bailey</a></li>
<li><a href="Outwork" title="Outwork">Outwork</a></li>
<li><a href="Parapet" title="Parapet">Parapet</a></li>
<li><a href="Peel_tower" title="Peel tower">Peel tower</a></li>
<li><a href="Portcullis" title="Portcullis">Portcullis</a></li>
<li><a href="Postern" title="Postern">Postern</a></li>
<li><a href="Powder_tower" title="Powder tower">Powder tower</a></li>
<li><a href="Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li>
<li><a href="Reduit" title="Reduit">Reduit</a></li>
<li><a href="Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li>
<li><a href="Ricetto" title="Ricetto">Ricetto</a></li>
<li><a href="Ringwork" title="Ringwork">Ringwork</a></li>
<li><a href="Roundel_(fortification)" title="Roundel (fortification)">Roundel</a></li>
<li><a href="Quadrangular_castle" title="Quadrangular castle">Quadrangular castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Shell_keep" title="Shell keep">Shell keep</a></li>
<li><a href="Shield_wall_(castle)" title="Shield wall (castle)">Shield wall</a></li>
<li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="Japanese_castle" title="Japanese castle">Shiro</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Toll_castle" title="Toll castle">Toll castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Tower_castle" title="Tower castle">Tower castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Tower_house" title="Tower house">Tower house</a></li>
<li><a href="Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">Turret</a></li>
<li><a href="Viking_ring_fortress" title="Viking ring fortress">Viking ring fortress</a></li>
<li><a href="Fortified_tower" title="Fortified tower">Wall tower</a></li>
<li><a href="Bailey_(castle)" title="Bailey (castle)">Bailey (or ward)</a></li>
<li><a href="Watchtower" title="Watchtower">Watchtower</a></li>
<li><a href="Witch_tower" title="Witch tower">Witch tower</a></li>
<li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="Yagura_(tower)" title="Yagura (tower)">Yagura</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Yett" title="Yett">Yett</a></li>
<li><a href="Zwinger" title="Zwinger">Zwinger</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Abwurfdach" class="mw-redirect" title="Abwurfdach">Abwurfdach</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Arsenal" title="Arsenal">Arsenal</a></li>
<li><a href="Barricade" title="Barricade">Barricade</a></li>
<li><a href="Bastion" title="Bastion">Bastion</a></li>
<li><a href="Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">Blockhouse</a></li>
<li><a href="Breastwork_(fortification)" title="Breastwork (fortification)">Breastwork</a></li>
<li><a href="Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li>
<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Caponier" title="Caponier">Caponier</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Casemate" title="Casemate">Casemate</a></li>
<li><a href="Cavalier_(fortification)" title="Cavalier (fortification)">Cavalier</a></li>
<li><a href="Counterguard" title="Counterguard">Counterguard</a></li>
<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Couvreface" title="Couvreface">Couvreface</a></i></span></li>
<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Coupure" title="Coupure">Coupure</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Covertway" title="Covertway">Covertway</a></li>
<li><a href="Crownwork" title="Crownwork">Crownwork</a></li>
<li><a href="Device_Forts" title="Device Forts">Device Forts</a></li>
<li><a href="Entrenchment_(fortification)" title="Entrenchment (fortification)">Entrenchment</a></li>
<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Fl%C3%A8che_(fortification)" title="Flèche (fortification)">Flèche</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Gorge_(fortification)" title="Gorge (fortification)">Gorge</a></li>
<li><a href="Gunpowder_magazine" title="Gunpowder magazine">Gunpowder magazine</a></li>
<li><a href="Hornwork" title="Hornwork">Hornwork</a></li>
<li><a href="Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Kotta mara</a></li>
<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Lunette_(fortification)" title="Lunette (fortification)">Lunette</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Magazine_(artillery)" title="Magazine (artillery)">Magazine</a></li>
<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Orillon" title="Orillon">Orillon</a></i></span></li>
<li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="Ostrog_(fortress)" title="Ostrog (fortress)">Ostrog</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Palanka_(fortification)" title="Palanka (fortification)">Palanka</a></li>
<li><a href="Place-of-arms" title="Place-of-arms">Place-of-arms</a></li>
<li><a href="Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">Polygonal fort</a></li>
<li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="Presidio" title="Presidio">Presidio</a></i></span> (Spanish America)</li>
<li><a href="Punji_stick" title="Punji stick">Punji sticks</a></li>
<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Ravelin" title="Ravelin">Ravelin</a></i></span></li>
<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Redan" title="Redan">Redan</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Redoubt" title="Redoubt">Redoubt</a></li>
<li><a href="Retrenchment_(military)" title="Retrenchment (military)">Retrenchment</a></li>
<li><a href="Sally_port" title="Sally port">Sally port</a></li>
<li><a href="Sandbag" title="Sandbag">Sandbag</a></li>
<li><a href="Counterscarp" title="Counterscarp">Scarp and Counterscarp</a></li>
<li><a href="Sconce_(fortification)" title="Sconce (fortification)">Sconce</a></li>
<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Schanze" title="Schanze">Schanze</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Sea_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea fort">Sea fort</a></li>
<li><a href="Station_(frontier_defensive_structure)" title="Station (frontier defensive structure)">Station</a></li>
<li><a href="Star_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Star fort">Star fort</a></li>
<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Tenaille" title="Tenaille">Tenaille</a></i></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">Barbed wire</a></li>
<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Barbette" title="Barbette">Barbette</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Border_outpost" title="Border outpost">Border outpost</a></li>
<li><a href="Bunker" title="Bunker">Bunker</a></li>
<li><a href="Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">Coastal artillery</a></li>
<li><a href="Disappearing_gun" title="Disappearing gun">Disappearing gun</a></li>
<li><a href="Fire_control_tower" title="Fire control tower">Fire control tower</a></li>
<li><a href="Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">Gun turret</a></li>
<li><a href="Land_mine" title="Land mine">Land mine</a></li>
<li><a href="Martello_tower" title="Martello tower">Martello tower</a></li>
<li><a href="Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li>
<li><a href="Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">Polygonal fort</a></li>
<li><span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn"><a href="Sangar_(fortification)" title="Sangar (fortification)">Sangar</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Wire_obstacle" title="Wire obstacle">Wire obstacles</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Admiralty_scaffolding" title="Admiralty scaffolding">Admiralty scaffolding</a></li>
<li><a href="Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">Air raid shelter</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-tank_trench" title="Anti-tank trench">Anti-tank trench</a></li>
<li><a href="Barbed_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbed tape">Barbed tape</a></li>
<li><a href="Blast_shelter" title="Blast shelter">Blast shelter</a></li>
<li><a href="Blast_wall" title="Blast wall">Blast wall</a></li>
<li><a href="Border_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Border security">Border security</a></li>
<li><a href="Bomb_shelter" title="Bomb shelter">Bomb shelter</a></li>
<li><a href="Buoy_anti-tank_obstacle" title="Buoy anti-tank obstacle">Buoy</a></li>
<li><a href="Bremer_wall" title="Bremer wall">Bremer wall</a></li>
<li><a href="Concertina_wire" title="Concertina wire">Concertina wire</a></li>
<li><a href="Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Defensive fighting position</a></li>
<li><a href="British_anti-invasion_preparations_of_the_Second_World_War#Lines_and_islands" title="British anti-invasion preparations of the Second World War">British "hedgehog" road block</a></li>
<li><a href="Czech_hedgehog" title="Czech hedgehog">Czech hedgehog</a></li>
<li><a href="Dragon's_teeth_(fortification)" title="Dragon's teeth (fortification)">Dragon's teeth</a></li>
<li><a href="Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">Entry control point (ECP)</a></li>
<li><a href="Electric_fence" title="Electric fence">Electric fence</a></li>
<li><a href="Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">Fallout shelter</a></li>
<li><a href="Fire_support_base" title="Fire support base">Fire support base</a></li>
<li><a href="Flak_tower" title="Flak tower">Flak tower</a></li>
<li><a href="Hardened_aircraft_shelter" title="Hardened aircraft shelter">Hardened aircraft shelter</a></li>
<li><a href="Hesco_bastion" title="Hesco bastion">Hesco bastion</a></li>
<li><a href="Kabal_(earthworks)" title="Kabal (earthworks)">Kabal</a></li>
<li><a href="Loophole_(firearm)" title="Loophole (firearm)">Loophole</a></li>
<li><a href="Main_line_of_resistance" title="Main line of resistance">Main line of resistance</a></li>
<li><a href="Missile_launch_facility" title="Missile launch facility">Missile launch facility</a></li>
<li><a href="Pillbox_(military)" title="Pillbox (military)">Pillbox</a></li>
<li><a href="Revetment_(aircraft)" title="Revetment (aircraft)">Revetment</a></li>
<li><a href="Sentry_gun" title="Sentry gun">Sentry gun</a></li>
<li><a href="Spider_hole" title="Spider hole">Spider hole</a></li>
<li><a href="Submarine_pen" title="Submarine pen">Submarine pen</a></li>
<li><a href="Underground_hangar" title="Underground hangar">Underground hangar</a></li>
<li><a href="Weapon_storage_area" title="Weapon storage area">Weapon storage area</a></li>
<li><a href="Weapons_Storage_and_Security_System" title="Weapons Storage and Security System">Weapons Storage and Security System</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Cave_castle" title="Cave castle">Cave castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Hill_castle" title="Hill castle">Hill castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Hillfort" title="Hillfort">Hillfort</a></li>
<li><a href="Hillside_castle" title="Hillside castle">Hillside castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Hilltop_castle" title="Hilltop castle">Hilltop castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Island_castle" title="Island castle">Island castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Lowland_castle" title="Lowland castle">Lowland castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Marsh_castle" title="Marsh castle">Marsh castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Water_castle" title="Water castle">Moated castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Promontory_fort" title="Promontory fort">Promontory fort</a></li>
<li><a href="Ridge_castle" title="Ridge castle">Ridge castle</a></li>
<li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="Rocca_(fortification)" title="Rocca (fortification)">Rocca</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Rock_castle" title="Rock castle">Rock castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Spur_castle" title="Spur castle">Spur castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Water_castle" title="Water castle">Water castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Floating water castle</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By role</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Border_barrier" title="Border barrier">Border barrier</a></li>
<li><a href="Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence</a></li>
<li><a href="Coercion_castle" title="Coercion castle">Coercion castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Counter-castle" title="Counter-castle">Counter-castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Fence" title="Fence">Fence</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Ganerbenburg" title="Ganerbenburg">Ganerbenburg</a></i></li>
<li><a href="Jagdschloss" title="Jagdschloss">Hunting lodge</a></li>
<li><a href="Imperial_castle" title="Imperial castle">Imperial castle</a></li>
<li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Kaiserpfalz" title="Kaiserpfalz">Kaiserpfalz</a></i></span></li>
<li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Landesburg" title="Landesburg">Landesburg</a></i></span></li>
<li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Lustschloss" title="Lustschloss">Lustschloss</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Military_base" title="Military base">Military base</a></li>
<li><a href="Obstacle" title="Obstacle">Obstacle</a></li>
<li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Ordensburg" title="Ordensburg">Ordensburg</a></i></span></li>
<li><a href="Refuge_castle" title="Refuge castle">Refuge castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Toll_castle" title="Toll castle">Toll castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Urban_castle" title="Urban castle">Urban castle</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Bastion_fort" title="Bastion fort">Bastion fort</a></li>
<li><a href="Bridge_castle" title="Bridge castle">Bridge castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Circular_rampart" title="Circular rampart">Circular rampart</a></li>
<li><a href="Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">Concentric castle</a></li>
<li><a href="L-plan_castle" title="L-plan castle">L-plan castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte-and-bailey castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Quadrangular_castle" title="Quadrangular castle">Quadrangular castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Ringfort" title="Ringfort">Ringfort</a></li>
<li><a href="Ringwork" title="Ringwork">Ringwork</a></li>
<li><a href="Tower_castle" title="Tower castle">Tower castle</a></li>
<li><a href="Z-plan_castle" title="Z-plan castle">Z-plan castle</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="List_of_bastion_forts" title="List of bastion forts">Bastion forts</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_castles" title="List of castles">Castles</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_cities_with_defensive_walls" title="List of cities with defensive walls">Cities with defensive walls</a></li>
<li><a href="Defense_line" title="Defense line">Defense line</a></li>
<li><a href="Fortified_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortified estate">Fortified estate</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_fortifications" title="List of fortifications">Fortifications</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_forts" title="List of forts">Forts</a></li>
<li><a href="Lists_of_military_installations" title="Lists of military installations">Military installations</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_walls" title="List of walls">Walls</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related word</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Castle_town" title="Castle town">Castle town</a></li>
<li><a href="Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Château">Château</a></li>
<li><a href="Dungeon" title="Dungeon">Dungeon</a></li>
<li><a href="Festung" title="Festung">Festung</a></li>
<li><a href="Fortified_gateway" title="Fortified gateway">Fortified gateway</a></li>
<li><a href="Gatekeeper" title="Gatekeeper">Gatekeeper</a></li>
<li><a href="Loophole_(firearm)" title="Loophole (firearm)">Loophole</a></li>
<li><a href="National_redoubt" title="National redoubt">National redoubt</a></li>
<li><a href="Palas" title="Palas">Palas</a></li>
<li><a href="Picket_(military)" title="Picket (military)">Picket</a></li>
<li><a href="Schloss" title="Schloss">Schloss</a></li>
<li><a href="Trench" title="Trench">Trench</a></li>
<li><a href="Vedette_(sentry)" title="Vedette (sentry)">Vedette</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">Civil defense</a></li>
<li><a href="Continuity_of_government" title="Continuity of government">Continuity of government</a></li>
<li><a href="Military_urbanism" title="Military urbanism">Military urbanism</a></li>
<li><a href="Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean warfare</a></li>
<li><a href="Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li>
<li><a href="Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">Siege engine</a>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_siege_engines" title="List of siege engines">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel warfare</a></li>
<li><a href="Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li>
<li><a href="Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban warfare</a>
<ul><li><a href="Urban_guerrilla_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="nobold">See also</span>: <b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</b></li></ul>
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